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Ciompi Revolt
The Revolt of the Ciompi was a rebellion among unrepresented labourers which occurred in Florence, Italy from 1378 to 1382.〔Samuel K. Cohn, Jr., Popular Protest in Late Medieval Europe: Italy, France, and Flanders (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004), p. 201〕 Those who revolted consisted of artisans, labourers, and craftsmen who did not belong to any guilds and were therefore unable to participate in the Florentine government.〔Samuel K. Cohn, Jr., The Laboring Classes in Renaissance Florence (New York: Academic Press, 1980), p. 67〕 These labourers had grown increasingly resentful over the established patrician oligarchy.〔L. F. Marks, “Fourteenth-Century Democracy in Florence.” Past and Present 25 (July 1963): p. 80〕 In addition, they were expected to pay heavy taxes which they could not afford, forcing some to abandon their homes.〔Samuel K. Cohn, Jr., Creating the Florentine State (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. 108〕 The resulting insurrection over such tensions led to the creation of a government composed of wool workers and other disenfranchised workers which lasted for three and a half years.〔Cohn, Popular Protest, p. 202〕
The Ciompi revolt developed in three stages; reform in the months of May and June, the violent ‘revolution’ of the revolt and fighting which occurred in mid-July, and the fall of the Ciompi’s short government in Florence -‘the reaction’, which occurred at the end of August 1378.〔Mollat, Michel, and Philippe Wolff. The Popular Revolutions of the Late Middle Ages. (London: Allen & Unwin, 1973). p. 143〕 These workers’ underrepresentation led to their exploitation, low wages, and lack of political clout. In June 1378 the city’s fourteen minor guilds demanded greater representation in civic office from elites – the Signoria. These guildsmen still wanted to keep the Sotto posti, who were low wage textile workers with no guild representation, from forming their own guilds and being able to gain increased political power. To prevent this, the Signoria quadrupled the fee for admittance to the system.〔Farr, James Richard. Artisans in Europe, 1300-1914. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 180〕 This action sparked indignation and turned the Sotto posti into opponents of the Signoria aligning them with the lower class Ciompi.〔Mollat, Michel, and Philippe Wolff. The Popular Revolutions of the Late Middle Ages. (London: Allen & Unwin, 1973). p. 147〕 On the 22 June the Ciompi took up arms for the first time but it was not until 21 July that they violently took over the city’s government and forced the Signoria to create three new guilds and grant them political office.
Historians commonly highlight a few individuals as central to the events. Representing the middle and upper class was Salvestro de' Medici. Representing the lower class was the mysterious group known as “The Eight (Saints)”. Finally caught in the middle of these two groups is Michele di Lando. He was “separated from his social superior due to inferior birth, but he was also separated by his peers by his superior vision”.〔Phillips, Mark. Barefoot Boy Makes Good: A Study of Machiavelli's Histography. Medieval Academy of America. 59, No. 3 (1984): p. 601〕 Salvestro de' Medici was seen as a problem with the Ciompi uprising.〔Phillips, p. 599〕
Although the Ciompi Rebellion was brief, it left an impact on future generations. The three and a half year revolt not only affected Florentine society through out the 15th century, but was a flashpoint in Florentine history, which continued to intrigue historians. However, the interpretation of the events was different across the centuries.〔Yves Winter, “Plebeian Politics: Machiavelli and the Ciompi Uprising,” Political Theory 40, no. 6 (2012): p. 737〕
==Background==
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